Uruk

Uruk

Uruk (/ˈuːrʊk/; Cuneiform: 𒌷𒀕 or 𒌷𒀔 URUUNUG; Sumerian : Unug; Akkadian: Uruk; Arabic: وركاء or أوروك‎, Warkāʼ or Auruk; Aramaic/Hebrew: אֶרֶךְ ʼÉreḵ; Ancient Greek: Ὀρχόη, romanized: Orkhoē, Ὀρέχ Orekh, Ὠρύγεια Ōrugeia) was an ancient city of Sumer (and later of Babylonia), situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the dried-up, ancient channel of the Euphrates, some 30 km (19 mi) east of modern Samawah, Al-Muthannā, Iraq.

Uruk is the type site for the Uruk period. Uruk played a leading role in the early urbanization of Sumer in the mid-4th millennium BC. At its height c. 2900 BC, Uruk probably had 50,000–80,000 residents living in 6 km2 (2.32 sq mi) of walled area; making it the largest city in the world at the time. The legendary king Gilgamesh, according to the chronology presented in the Sumerian king list, ruled Uruk in the 27th century BC. The city lost its prime importance around 2000 BC, in the context of the struggle of Babylonia against Elam, but it remained inhabited throughout the Seleucid (312–63 BC) and Parthian (227 BC to 224 AD) periods until it was finally abandoned shortly before or after the Islamic conquest of 633–638.

William Kennett Loftus visited the site of Uruk in 1849 and led the first excavations from 1850 to 1854; he had identified it as "Erech", known as "the second city of Nimrod".

The Arabic name of Babylonia, which eventually became the name of the present-day country, al-ʿIrāq, is thought to derive from the name Uruk, via Aramaic (Erech) and possibly via Middle Persian (Erāq) transmission. In Sumerian the word uru could mean "city, town, village, district".

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Location    Al-Warka, Muthanna Governorate, Iraq Region    Mesopotamia Coordinates    31°19′27″N 45°38′14″ECoordinates: 31°19′27″N 45°38′14″E Type    Settlement Area    6 km2 (2.3 sq mi) History Founded    4th millennium BC Abandoned    Approximately 700 AD Periods    Uruk period to Early Middle Ages Site notes UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name    Uruk Archaeological City Part of    Ahwar of Southern Iraq Criteria    Mixed: (iii)(v)(ix)(x) Reference    1481-005 Inscription    2016 (40th Session) Area    541 ha (2.09 sq mi) Buffer zone    292 ha (1.13 sq mi)