Einstein

Albert Einstein ( pron.: /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/ ;  German:  [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn]  ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born  theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of  modern physics (alongside  quantum mechanics). <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:1em;">[2] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:1em;">[3] <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19px;"> While best known for his  mass–energy equivalence<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19px;"> formula  <span class="nowrap" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19px;white-space:nowrap;">E = mc<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19px;">(which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"), <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:1em;">[4] <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19px;"> he received the  1921<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19px;">  Nobel Prize in Physics<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19px;"> "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the  photoelectric effect<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19px;">". <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:1em;">[5] <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19px;"> The latter was pivotal in establishing  quantum theory<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19px;">.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of theelectromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-0" style="line-height:1em;">[6]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-misc_7-0" style="line-height:1em;">[7]  On the eve of World War II, he helped alert President Franklin D. Roosevelt that Germany might be developing an atomic weapon and recommended that the U.S. begin similar research; this eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein was in support of defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced using the new discovery of nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nobel_6-1" style="line-height:1em;">[6] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paul_Arthur_Schilpp.2C_editor_1951_730.E2.80.93746_8-0" style="line-height:1em;">[8]  His great intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with genius.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height:1em;">[9]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">